Solutions

Expressing concentration (1.2): name the 5 key ideas

• Mass percentage • ppm • Mole fraction x • Molarity M • Molality m

What is mass percentage?

Mass of component per hundred units of solution mass.

What is lowering of vapour pressure (1.6.1)?

Relative lowering equals the solute mole fraction.

Colligative properties (1.6): name the 5 key ideas

• Lowering of vapour pressure (1.6.1) • Boiling point elevation (1.6.2) • Freezing point depression (1.6.3) • Osmosis (1.6.4) • Reverse osmosis (1.6.5)

What is ideal (1.5.1)?

ΔmixH = 0 and ΔmixV = 0, like benzene and toluene.

What is liquid-liquid (1.4.1)?

Raoult's law says p₁ = p₁⁰x₁ for each volatile component.

Ideal and non-ideal (1.5): name the 4 key ideas

• Ideal (1.5.1) • Positive deviation • Negative deviation • Azeotropes (1.5.2)

What is solid in liquid (1.3.1)?

Like dissolves like and dynamic equilibrium sets saturation.